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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%">1. To stabilize the climate at an acceptable level we are going to need to remove carbon from the atmosphere. Columbia’s Earth Institute discusses our options.
<span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href="https://blogs.ei.columbia.edu/2018/11/27/carbon-dioxide-removal-climate-change/" id="LPlnk711505" class="OWAAutoLink" previewremoved="true">https://blogs.ei.columbia.edu/2018/11/27/carbon-dioxide-removal-climate-change/</a></span></p>
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<a id="LPImageAnchor_15439315445300.5270385823375037" href="https://blogs.ei.columbia.edu/2018/11/27/carbon-dioxide-removal-climate-change/" target="_blank" style="display: table-cell; text-align: center;"><img id="LPThumbnailImageID_15439315445300.5360079320325752" style="display: inline-block; max-width: 250px; max-height: 250px; height: 140px; width: 250px; border-width: 0px; vertical-align: bottom;" width="250" height="140" src="https://blogs.ei.columbia.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/DAC_CarbonEngineeringLTd.jpg"></a></div>
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<a id="LPUrlAnchor_15439315445300.5731290004191587" href="https://blogs.ei.columbia.edu/2018/11/27/carbon-dioxide-removal-climate-change/" target="_blank" style="text-decoration: none;">Can Removing Carbon From the Atmosphere Save Us from Climate Catastrophe?
- blogs.ei.columbia.edu</a></div>
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blogs.ei.columbia.edu</div>
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The IPCC, which considers soil carbon sequestration to have the ability to reduce CO2 at the lowest cost—$0 to $100 per ton—estimates that soil carbon sequestration could remove between 2 and 5 gigatonnes of carbon dioxide a year by 2050.</div>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%">2. One major option for carbon removal not discussed in the Earth Institute article is kelp permaculture. It has low cost and high carbon removal potential. Perhaps because it is unlikely
to make anyone any money, it is often ignored. <span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href="https://ghginstitute.org/2018/09/06/kelp-and-carbon-sequestration-exporting-terrestrial-ghg-accounting-to-the-deep-sea/" id="LPlnk264053" class="OWAAutoLink" previewremoved="true">https://ghginstitute.org/2018/09/06/kelp-and-carbon-sequestration-exporting-terrestrial-ghg-accounting-to-the-deep-sea/</a></span></p>
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<a id="LPImageAnchor_15439315445940.15002098006917364" href="https://ghginstitute.org/2018/09/06/kelp-and-carbon-sequestration-exporting-terrestrial-ghg-accounting-to-the-deep-sea/" target="_blank" style="display: table-cell; text-align: center;"><img id="LPThumbnailImageID_15439315445940.5804592105933191" width="250" height="166" style="display: inline-block; max-width: 250px; max-height: 250px; height: 166px; width: 250px; border-width: 0px; vertical-align: bottom;" src="https://ghginstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/shane-stagner-506929-unsplash-11.jpg"></a></div>
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<a id="LPUrlAnchor_15439315445940.8680026980662718" href="https://ghginstitute.org/2018/09/06/kelp-and-carbon-sequestration-exporting-terrestrial-ghg-accounting-to-the-deep-sea/" target="_blank" style="text-decoration: none;">Kelp and carbon sequestration:
exporting terrestrial GHG accounting to the deep sea - GHG and Carbon Accounting, Auditing, Management & Training | Greenhouse Gas Management Institute</a></div>
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ghginstitute.org</div>
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Recent breakthroughs have elevated algae as a promising biological solution to environmental challenges. Particular species of algae can provide low-impact, non-fossil substitutes for liquid fuel and plastics and can decrease enteric fermentation emissions
from cattle.Now, a recent Nature Geoscience paper quantifies the role of kelp and other macroalgae in the global carbon cycle.</div>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%">Marine permaculture would grow kelp on frames beneath the surface of the deep ocean. When the kelp dies it would carry the carbon it has fixed to the ocean floor, where much of it would remain
for centuries. <span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href="https://www.drawdown.org/solutions/coming-attractions/marine-permaculture" id="LPlnk669424" class="OWAAutoLink" previewremoved="true">https://www.drawdown.org/solutions/coming-attractions/marine-permaculture</a></span></p>
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<a id="LPUrlAnchor_15439315445210.3520545145431131" href="https://www.drawdown.org/solutions/coming-attractions/marine-permaculture" target="_blank" style="text-decoration: none;">Marine Permaculture | Drawdown</a></div>
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www.drawdown.org</div>
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Project Drawdown is the most comprehensive plan ever proposed to reverse global warming. We gathered a qualified and diverse group of researchers from around the world to identify, research, and model the 100 most substantive, existing solutions to address
climate change. What was uncovered is a path forward that can roll back global warming within thirty years.</div>
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Tim Flannery’s book Sunlight and Seaweed: An Argument for How to Feed, Power, and Clean Up the World (2017) covers the technology.<o:p></o:p></span>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%">3. Sweden is planning to produce steel without carbon emissions, but it is going to cost more. In China, producing a ton of aluminum generates 16 tons of CO2. Aluminum could be made which
produces oxygen but no carbon if the industry retooled. Low-carbon or carbon-free, even carbon-negative, alternatives for Portland cement exist, but implementing them would mean closing existing facilities. The essay maintains that it will take government
pressure to de-carbonize industry. <span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href="https://www.economist.com/technology-quarterly/2018/11/29/how-to-get-the-carbon-out-of-industry" id="LPlnk601322" class="OWAAutoLink" previewremoved="true">https://www.economist.com/technology-quarterly/2018/11/29/how-to-get-the-carbon-out-of-industry</a></span></p>
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<a id="LPUrlAnchor_15439315748970.69462883875874" href="https://www.economist.com/technology-quarterly/2018/11/29/how-to-get-the-carbon-out-of-industry" target="_blank" style="text-decoration: none;">How to get the carbon out of industry - Decarbonising industry</a></div>
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www.economist.com</div>
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ON THE SWEDISH shore of the Baltic Sea near the Arctic Circle, work has started on a SKr1.4bn ($150m) pilot project aiming to help Sweden become the first country in the world to produce fossil ...</div>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%">4. Stephen Mulkey was asked by a student how he dealt with despair about the future. His essay “Finding Hope—the Choices of an Ecologist” looks back over his life as a professional scientist
and as a father and husband to answer the question. “I have some degree of hopelessness most of the time. I manage this in part by reaching out to others and sharing my fears with them.”
<span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href="https://medium.com/@EnvCentury/finding-hope-the-choices-of-an-ecologist-45f88549db26?sk=fec88a48f29a3a7f12ad4b7c699d7819" id="LPlnk456014" class="OWAAutoLink" previewremoved="true">https://medium.com/@EnvCentury/finding-hope-the-choices-of-an-ecologist-45f88549db26?sk=fec88a48f29a3a7f12ad4b7c699d7819</a></span></p>
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<a id="LPUrlAnchor_15439315757900.9319335072729154" href="https://medium.com/@EnvCentury/finding-hope-the-choices-of-an-ecologist-45f88549db26?sk=fec88a48f29a3a7f12ad4b7c699d7819" target="_blank" style="text-decoration: none;">Finding Hope — The Choices of
an Ecologist – Stephen Mulkey – Medium</a></div>
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medium.com</div>
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I recently gave an invited lecture in the introductory course for Sustainability Studies at the University of Florida. My host, the…</div>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%">5. The World Bank has announced a five-year plan to support climate action with $200 billion in loans.
<span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href="http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2018/12/03/world-bank-group-announces-200-billion-over-five-years-for-climate-action" id="LPlnk436524" class="OWAAutoLink" previewremoved="true">http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2018/12/03/world-bank-group-announces-200-billion-over-five-years-for-climate-action</a></span></p>
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<a id="LPImageAnchor_15439315749570.259454635732673" href="http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2018/12/03/world-bank-group-announces-200-billion-over-five-years-for-climate-action" target="_blank" style="display: table-cell; text-align: center;"><img id="LPThumbnailImageID_15439315749580.6523671259821351" width="180" height="180" style="display: inline-block; max-width: 250px; max-height: 250px; height: 180px; width: 180px; border-width: 0px; vertical-align: bottom;" src="http://www.worldbank.org/content/dam/wbr/share-logo/sharing-wb-logo-clear.png"></a></div>
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<a id="LPUrlAnchor_15439315749580.9911934802500171" href="http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2018/12/03/world-bank-group-announces-200-billion-over-five-years-for-climate-action" target="_blank" style="text-decoration: none;">World Bank Group Announces
$200 billion over Five Years for Climate Action</a></div>
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www.worldbank.org</div>
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With 189 member countries, staff from more than 170 countries, and offices in over 130 locations, the World Bank Group is a unique global partnership: five institutions working for sustainable solutions that reduce poverty and build shared prosperity in developing
countries.</div>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%">6. In many regions, operating existing coal and nuclear plants is more expensive than building new renewable energy power generation. Across the US coal plants are closing in favor of renewables.
“Midwestern utility MidAmerican will be the first utility to reach 100% renewable energy by 2020 without increasing customer rates, and Indiana’s NIPSCO will replace 1.8 gigawatts (GW) of coal with wind and solar.” The externalized cost of fossil fuel energy
is devastating, as the article details (without going into the long-term economic effects of climate change).
<a href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/energyinnovation/2018/12/03/plunging-prices-mean-building-new-renewable-energy-is-cheaper-than-running-existing-coal/#2e7e714d31f3" id="LPlnk453028" class="OWAAutoLink" previewremoved="true">
https://www.forbes.com/sites/energyinnovation/2018/12/03/plunging-prices-mean-building-new-renewable-energy-is-cheaper-than-running-existing-coal/#2e7e714d31f3</a>
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<a id="LPImageAnchor_15439316053610.5277437195614172" href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/energyinnovation/2018/12/03/plunging-prices-mean-building-new-renewable-energy-is-cheaper-than-running-existing-coal/#2e7e714d31f3" target="_blank" style="display: table-cell; text-align: center;"><img id="LPThumbnailImageID_15439316053610.8348711714311026" style="display: inline-block; max-width: 250px; max-height: 250px; height: 131px; width: 250px; border-width: 0px; vertical-align: bottom;" width="250" height="131" src="https://thumbor.forbes.com/thumbor/600x315/https%3A//blogs-images.forbes.com/energyinnovation/files/2018/11/Historical-LCOE-comparison-reveals-dramatic-declines-for-wind-and-solar-Lazard-1200x601.jpg"></a></div>
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<a id="LPUrlAnchor_15439316053610.8500996054016301" href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/energyinnovation/2018/12/03/plunging-prices-mean-building-new-renewable-energy-is-cheaper-than-running-existing-coal/#2e7e714d31f3" target="_blank" style="text-decoration: none;">Plunging
Prices Mean Building New Renewable Energy Is Cheaper Than Running Existing Coal - forbes.com</a></div>
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www.forbes.com</div>
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A new report revels 42% of global coal capacity is currently unprofitable, and the United States could save $78 billion by closing coal-fired power plants in line with the Paris Climate Accord’s ...</div>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%">7. Uneven rates of sea level rise around the world are tied to climate change.
<a href="https://phys.org/news/2018-12-uneven-sea-tied-climate.html" id="LPlnk281612" class="OWAAutoLink" previewremoved="true">
https://phys.org/news/2018-12-uneven-sea-tied-climate.html</a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<a id="LPImageAnchor_15439316054980.9614599433220468" href="https://phys.org/news/2018-12-uneven-sea-tied-climate.html" target="_blank" style="display: table-cell; text-align: center;"><img id="LPThumbnailImageID_15439316054990.5303747036186051" width="250" height="166" style="display: inline-block; max-width: 250px; max-height: 250px; height: 166px; width: 250px; border-width: 0px; vertical-align: bottom;" src="https://3c1703fe8d.site.internapcdn.net/newman/gfx/news/hires/2017/sea.jpg"></a></div>
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<a id="LPUrlAnchor_15439316055010.08730435732153685" href="https://phys.org/news/2018-12-uneven-sea-tied-climate.html" target="_blank" style="text-decoration: none;">Uneven rates of sea level rise tied to climate change - phys.org</a></div>
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phys.org</div>
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The pattern of uneven sea level rise over the last quarter century has been driven in part by human-caused climate change, not just natural variability, according to a new study.</div>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%">8. Climate has gotten little attention in recent US politics. Bernie Sanders and Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez are changing that. (Also, keep an eye on Senator Sheldon Whitehouse.)
<a href="https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/bernie-sanders-climate-change-2020-election_us_5c05a321e4b066b5cfa4c686" id="LPlnk227810" class="OWAAutoLink" previewremoved="true">
https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/bernie-sanders-climate-change-2020-election_us_5c05a321e4b066b5cfa4c686</a>
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<a id="LPImageAnchor_15439316053430.8762477289720114" href="https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/bernie-sanders-climate-change-2020-election_us_5c05a321e4b066b5cfa4c686" target="_blank" style="display: table-cell; text-align: center;"><img id="LPThumbnailImageID_15439316053430.4567498547029001" style="display: inline-block; max-width: 250px; max-height: 250px; height: 130px; width: 250px; border-width: 0px; vertical-align: bottom;" width="250" height="130" src="https://img.huffingtonpost.com/asset/5c05a4442400006f0499be57.jpeg?cache=czht6bxubs&ops=1910_1000"></a></div>
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<a id="LPUrlAnchor_15439316053440.38299868342770327" href="https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/bernie-sanders-climate-change-2020-election_us_5c05a321e4b066b5cfa4c686" target="_blank" style="text-decoration: none;">Bernie Sanders Stakes Out Forceful Climate
Stance, Leapfrogging The 2020 Field | HuffPost</a></div>
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www.huffingtonpost.com</div>
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The town hall meeting took place one day after the 24th United Nations Conference of the Parties, the leading international summit on climate change, convened in Katowice, Poland.</div>
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